Regional differences in the effects of El Nino and La Nina on low flows and floods
نویسنده
چکیده
The response of monthly 7-day low flow, monthly instantaneous peak flow, and monthly frequency of flood events to El Nino and La Nina episodes is investigated for 18 rivers that represent a diverse range of climatic types throughout New Zealand. A significant positive or negative deviation from the long-term average was observed in over half the possible combinations of river, streamflow index, and type of ENSO episode; significant deviations were most frequent in the case of low flow, especially during La Nina episodes. Patterns of streamflow response differ widely between rivers, and the response of a given river to individual ENSO episodes is very variable. The patterns of streamflow response to ENSO are consistent to some extent with the climatic effects of ENSO already identified by meteorologists. Two core regions can be defined in which streamflow tends to respond in the same way. These are in the northeast of the North Island, and in the axial ranges of the South Island, where there are significant effects of ENSO on the frequency and duration of rain-bearing northeasterly and westerly winds respectively. The patterns of response strongly reflect topography, and the exposure of catchments to predominant air masses. Variabilité régionale des effets de El Nino et de La Nina sur les crues et les étiages Résumé Les effets d'épisodes El Nino et La Nina sur les étiages mensuels de sept jours, les maximums instantanés mensuels et la fréquence mensuelle des crues ont été étudiés sur 18 rivières de Nouvelle Zélande représentant toute une gamme de contextes climatiques. Un écart significatif (positif ou négatif) à la moyenne à long terme a pu être constaté sur plus de la moitié de toutes les combinaisons possibles de rivière, d'indice et de type d'épisode ENSO. Les écarts significatifs se sont révélés les plus fréquents pour les étiages, en particulier durant les épisodes La Nina. Les modifications du régime d'écoulement diffèrent beaucoup selon les rivières, et la réponse d'un rivière donnée à un épisode ENSO particulier est très variable. Les réactions des écoulements à l'ENSO sont cependant dans une certaine mesure cohérentes avec les effets climatiques de l'ENSO déjà identifiés par les météorologues. On peut délimiter deux régions à l'intérieur desquelles les écoulements tendent à réagir de façon analogue. Il s'agit du nord-est de l'Ile du Nord et de l'axe montagneux de l'Ile du Sud. C'est là que se manifestent de façon significative les effets de l'ENSO sur la fréquence et la durée des vents, respectivement du nord-est et de l'ouest, générateurs de pluis. Les types de réaction sont fortement influencés par la topographie et l'exposition des bassins vis-à-vis des masses d'air dominantes.
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